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Calculus

7 articles on calculus: the maths or physics explained, ready-to-teach lesson plans, and how to build each slide in Tracé.

Two balls racing from the same start: the one on a cycloid curve is ahead of the one on a straight rampphysics · mechanics · calculus · explainerThe Brachistochrone: Why the Fastest Path Is a CurveWhy a ball on a cycloid beats one on a straight ramp (3.17 s against 3.76 s for a 20 m drop), the 1696 challenge behind it, and how to animate the race.A square wave built from 12 odd harmonics, next to a bar chart of their amplitudes: 1, 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9calculus · signals · waves · universityFourier Series: How Sine Waves Build a Square WaveAdd sin x, sin 3x / 3, sin 5x / 5… and a square wave appears. The formula, why only odd harmonics, the 9% Gibbs overshoot, and a click-by-click slide.The curve y = x² with a secant line through x = 1 and x = 2.2 approaching the tangent at x = 1, slope 2calculus · graphs · high school · lesson planThe Derivative as the Slope of a Tangent: Lesson PlanIntroduce the derivative as the slope of the tangent line: secants that shrink, the limit (f(x+h) − f(x))/h, a worked example with x², mistakes and checks.Eight right-endpoint rectangles under y = x² from 0 to 2, total 3.188, against the exact area 8/3calculus · high school · lesson planRiemann Sums: Teaching the Area Under a CurveA Riemann sums lesson: left, right and midpoint rectangles under y = x², exact numbers for 8 rectangles, how the error shrinks, mistakes and checks.The Taylor polynomial 1 + x + x²/2 + x³/6 + x⁴/24 closing in on the curve of eˣcalculus · university · explainerTaylor Series: Approximating Functions with PolynomialsHow Taylor series build eˣ and sin x from polynomials term by term, how accurate a few terms are, the small-angle approximation, and a click-by-click slide.Newton's method on x² − 2: tangents from x₀ = 3 down to the root √2, with the values in a tablecalculus · numerical methods · university · explainerNewton's Method, Animated: One Tangent per ClickTeach Newton's method visually: follow each tangent down to the x-axis, compare it with bisection, and see why it converges so fast, or fails.Euler's method with step 0.5 for y′ = y, below the exact curve eˣ, over the direction fielddifferential equations · calculus · university · explainerEuler's Method and Direction Fields, VisuallyA visual lesson on differential equations: draw the direction field, follow solution curves, then watch Euler’s method step away from the exact solution.